Instead, the water and minerals flow from the surface of the plant cell to cell in the plants body. In this article we will discuss about the characters and economic importance of pteridophytes. As against this, natural classification systems developed, which were based on natural affinities among the organisms and consider, plant kingdom c hapter 3 3. Because pteridophytes produce neither flowers nor seeds, they are sometimes referred to as cryptogams, meaning that their means of reproduction is hidden. They are the vascular plants those having xylem and phloem tissues that reproduce by releasing spores rather than seeds, and they include the highly diverse true ferns and other graceful, primarily forestdwelling plants.
Although each group is genetically very different they each share some common adaptations which have led to them currently being clumped together as bryophytes. Pteridophytes general characteristics easybiologyclass. However, the pteridophytes differ from mosses and seed plants in that both generations are independent and freeliving. Most pteridophytes are terrestrial and grows in moist and shady places while some flourish well in open dry places. Difference between bryophytes and pteridophytes major. Even today, many tribal communities and rural populations are dependent heavily upon the natural resources obtained from the surrounding forest regions for treatment of various ailments and diseases. To know more about what are gymnosperms, its characteristics, classification, examples and life cycle of gymnosperms, keep visiting byjus website. In this article we will discuss about the classification of pteridophytes. Summary and conclusions pteridophytes are one of the most ancient plants. Although each group is genetically very different they each share some common adaptations which have led to. Few of them grow in water and others in bogs, moist walls, rocks and tree trunks. But trust me the first thing that you notice is the abundant foliage of fern plants. Plant kingdom multiple choice questions and answers mcq.
Selaginella species abstract the lignin chemical structures of eight species of the selaginella family, which are primitive vascular plants, were characterized by alkaline nitrobenzene oxidation, acidolysis, and ozonation. Some of the characters of pteridophytes are as follows. Evolutionary innovations, such as the appearance of different heteromorphic. The pteridophytes constitute the primitive vascular plant group and found scattered all over the world. Ferns, horsetails often treated as ferns, and lycophytes clubmosses, spikemosses, and quillworts are all pteridophytes. Ferns can be used to illustrate the life cycle stages common to all pteridophytes. Rhynia, cooksonia as well as in many living pteridophytes e. Jan 23, 2017 introduction and definition the pteridophytes gk. All pteridophytes have a true alternation of generations, in which a dominant sporophyte generation produces spores through meiosis, and a freeliving gametophyte generation forms gametes egg and sperm by mitosis. Pteridophyta general characteristics, classification and. In pteridophytes, gametes are produced via mitosis from special cells of the gametophyte.
There are also some purely aquatic ferns such as water fern or water velvet salvinia molesta and mosquito ferns azolla species. Fronds in the largest species of ferns can reach some six metres in length. They are psilopsida, psilotopsida, lycopsida, sphenopsida, pteropsida and progymnospermopsida. The cryptogamia was further divided into thallophyta. And among the first of the plants to truly live on land were the pteridophytes. Pteridophyta do not produce seeds but they produce spores. Pteridophytes do not have seeds or flowers either, instead they also reproduce via spores. Read the introductory remarks and list of characteristics of the bryophytes p.
The medicinal uses of some ferns and pteridophytes of india have also been described in some of the recent studies caius, 1935. As with all plants, in pteridophytes, meiosis is sporic, meaning that cells of the sporophyte undergo meiosis and generate spores that then develop into the gametophyte via mitosis. Pteridophyta living in water are known as hydrophyte, sticking in other plants are called epiphyte and living in residue or waste of other plants are known as saprophyte. The megaspore and microspore germinate to give rise female and male gametophyte respectively. The delimitation of families of extant pteridophytes had been very controversial in the past but a consensus has been emerging on overall relationships, based largely on molecular data from the chloroplast genome. Classification of pteridophytes for a long time the division pteridophyta includedthe ferns, lycopods and horsetails. It consists of a solid xylem core with smooth circular outline, which is surrounded by a ring of phloem. The pteridophytes occupy the intermediate position in between the bryophytes on one hand and the phanerogams on the other. They formed the dominant part of the earths during palaeozoic and mesozoic periods on soral evolution. Vascular plants, also called higher plants, make up some 90 percent of the plant kingdom. It is the simplest and most primitive type of protostele. Some pteridophytes are aquatic and some are epiphytes.
The following separation of the main growth forms of pteridophyta is proposed. Structural characteristics of lignin in primitive pteridophytes. Unsubscribe from ch09 life sciences, botany, zoology, bioscience. Pteridophytes biology encyclopedia plant, body, different. In this lesson, well discover the characteristics, classification, and life cycle of the group pteridophyta, which includes plant species like ferns and horsetails. Pteridophytes general characteristics general characters of pteridophytes the vascular cryptogams pteridophytes are plants with feather like leaves. Bryophytes are primitive land plants that grow on moist shady places. Life forms of pteridophyta, their origin and evolution. On the basis of their anatomy jeffrey in 1902 divided the vascular plants into two types or stocks. The most characteristic feature of the pteridophytes is the presence. The term bryophyta is used as a collective name to represent a group of plants that includes the mosses musci, hornworts and liverworts hepaticae growing predominantly in amphibious environment. The best of the compendium on medicinal uses of 61 different ferns and fernallies of western ghats has been prepared by benjamin and manickam, 2007. It is speculated that life began in the oceans, and through millions of years of evolution, life slowly adapted on to dry land.
Pteridophyta is the most highly evolved group among the cryptogams. The sexuality of pteridophytic gametophytes can be classified as follows. The bryophytes are a division of plants that includes all nonvascular, land plants and can be split into three groups. The pteridophyta form one of the main divisions of the embryophyta.
Pteridophyta characteristics, life cycle, classification. They dont have conducting tissues for transportation of water and minerals. The modern classification of pteridophytes have been suggested by many scientist according to the sporne1975 pteridophytes have been classified into six classes. When you think of forests and woods, you can picture trees, abundant lush green ferns, and other plants. Gymnosperms are divided into three different classes. Difference between bryophytes and pteridophytes bryophytes. Characteristics of pteridophytes, morphology of pteridophytes, reproduction of pteridophytes, homosporous and heterosporous pteridophytes, megaspore and microspores, gametophytes of pteridophytes, fertilization, zygote and embryo of pteridophytes, life cycle. Eichler 1883 divided the plant kingdom into cryptogamia and phanerogamia. Pteridophytes ferns and fern allies the plant list. The pteridophytes have attracted the attention of botanists perhaps more than any other group of plants.
The pteridophytes ferns and fern allies pteridophytes are vascular plants and have leaves known as fronds, roots and sometimes true stems, and tree ferns have full trunks. The fossil records of pteridophytes show that they were abundant,forming a dominant vegetation of the earths flora, in the palaeozic and devonion age,about 350,000,years ago. Each of these can be divided into life forms according to a series of morphological and other characters. Characteristics of seedless vascular plants sciencing.
What are euphylls and how did they most likely evolve. Mcq quiz on plant kingdom multiple choice questions and answers on plant kingdom mcq questions on plant kingdom objectives questions with answer test pdf for interview preparations, freshers jobs and competitive exams. The pteridophytes show heteromorphic alternation of generation. In which of the following group would you place a plant which produces spores, has vascular tissue and lacks seed. A concept based exclusive material pteridophytes, gymnosperms. Pteridophytes or pteridophyta, in the broad interpretation of the term, are vascular plants plants with xylem and phloem that reproduce and disperse via spores. Abstract our understanding of the evolution of primitive land plants is overviewed.
All above characters were studied from the selected ferns from. The sporophyte is the conspicuous and familiar plant body. They have developed specialized tissue that transports water and nutrients to all parts of the plant. Pteridophytes general characters and life cycle of ferns email. Plant body is a sporophyte 2n and differentiated into true stem, leaves and roots. Occurrence and evolution of pteridophytes with its origin and economic importance in pteridophyta is a group of ancient plants. Difference between pteridophytes and gymnosperms major. Rhynia, horneophyton as well as many living primitive vascular plants e.
Pteridophytes are a group of primitive land plants belongs to the cryptogams. This has shown that traditional characters, particularly those of venation. Pteridophytes pteridophtyes are a phylum of plants. Older taxonomists divided the vascular plants in two divisionspteridophyta primitive vascular plants with absence of seeds and spermatophyta presence of seeds. Seedless vascular plants have the same tissue but reproduce by spores and lack flowers and seeds. Most pteridophytes are terrestrial and grow in moist and shady places while some flourish well in open, dry places especially in xeric conditions.
They are the most primitive of seeds plants and can live in a variety of environments. These ferns, in biological terms, are nothing but the pteridophytes, belonging to the division pteridophyta of the plant kingdom. Similar to the life cycle of seed plants, the pteridophytes also involves the alternation of generations in its life cycle. In certain pteridophytes the sporangia are produced within specialized structure, the sporocarps e. Pteridophytes, also known as vascular cryptogams and ferns and fern allies, comprise about 12 000 species of vascular plants that do not produce. The following four types of protosteles are recognized in pteridophytes. Engler 1909 included the bryophyta and pteridophyta under embryophyta. They possess certain combinations of major characters which are not found in bryophytes or in phanerogams. Haeckel 1866 called these groups of plants as pteridophytes because of their pinnate or feather like fronds leaves. Occurrence and evolution of pteridophytes biology boom.
Characteristics of pteridophytes, morphology of pteridophytes, reproduction of pteridophytes, homosporous and heterosporous pteridophytes, megaspore and microspores, gametophytes of pteridophytes, fertilization, zygote and embryo of. Pteridophyta general characteristics, classification and stelar system pteridophyta are the most primitive vascular plants. Pteridophytes are seedless and they procreate through spores. Gymnosperms are found in boreal and temperate forests.
A read is counted each time someone views a publication summary such as the title, abstract, and list of authors, clicks on a figure, or views or downloads the fulltext. They do not produce flowers and they are regarded as primitive seed plants. The sporangium in all pteridophytes is initiated by the laying down of a crosswall in a superficial cell or a group of cells. What is the lasting form of pteridophytes, the gametophyte or the. A pteridophyte is a vascular plant with xylem and phloem that disperses spores. Multiple choice questions on pteridophytes mcq biology. Due to discovery of the fossil plants, the classification of pteridophytes has undergone vast changes in the recent past. The pteridophytes are an economically important group of plants. They are the first evolved plant group with vascular tissue system for the conduction of water and food materials. As they produce neither flowers nor seeds, they are referred to as cryptogams. The different species of selaginella are grown as the garden plants. Pteridophytes general characters ppt general characteristics, life cycle and reproduction of pteridophytes ppt what are pteridophytes. They include mostly evergreen trees like conifers and cycads. Sachs 1868 for the first time classified pteridophytes according to the type of spores they possess into homosporous and heterosporous pteridophytes, and.
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